FREE ESSAY ON A TALE OF TWO THEORIES

A TALE OF TWO THEORIES

A Tale of Two Theories
Macbeth(c.1607), written by William Shakespeare, is the tragic tale of Macbeth, a
virtuous man, corrupted by power and greed. This tagedy could in fact be called A Tale of
Two Theories. One theory suggests that the tragic hero, Macbeth, is led down an
unescapable road of doom by an outside force, namely fate in the form of the three
witches. The second suggests that there is no supernatural force working against Macbeth,
which therefore makes him responsible for his own actions and inevitable downfall. It
must be remembered that Macbethis a literary work of art, and as a peice of art is open
to many different interpretations, none of them right and none of them wrong. But the
text of the play seems to imply that Macbeth is indeed responsible for his own actions
which are provoked by an unwillingness to listen to his own conscience, the witches, and
his ambition.
First, Macbeth ignores the voice of his own psyche. He knows what he is doing is wrong
even before he murders Duncan, but he allows Lady Macbeth and greed to cloud his
judgement. In referring to the idea of the murder of Duncan, Macbeth first states,We will
proceed no further in this business(I.vii.32). Yet, after speaking with Lady Macbeth he
recants and proclaims,I am settled, and bend up/Each corporal agent to this terrible
feat(I.vii.79-80). There is nothing supernatural to be found in a man being swayed by the
woman he loves, as a matter of fact this action could be perceived as quite the
opposite.
Second, the witches have to be dispelled as a source of Macbeth's misfortune before the
latter theory can be considered. It is admittedly strange that the weird sisters first
address Macbeth with,All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee Thane of Cawdor!(I.iii.49), a title
which not even Macbeth is aware he has been awarded. Even stranger is the third witch
calling to Macbeth,All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!(I.iii.50). However as
stated by Bradley,No connection of these announcements with any actions of his was even
hinted by [the withches](232). Some are still not convinced though of the witches less
than supernatural role; nevertheless, Macbeth appears throughout the play to be
completely aware 
3
of his actions, as opposed to being contolled by some mystic force. The effect of the
witches on the action of the play is best summarized by these words:
...while the influences of the Witches'
prophecies on Macbeth is very great, it is
quite clearly shown to be an influnce and
nothing more.(Bradley 232)
Most important to the theory that Macbeth is reponsible for his own actions would be a
point that the infamous witches and Macbeth agree upon. Such an element exists in the
form of Macbeth's ambiton. In the soliloquy Macbeth gives before he murders Duncan, he
states, ...I have no spur/To prick the sides of intent, but only/Vaulting
ambition,...(I.vii.25-27). Are these the words of a man who is merely being led down a
self dustructive path of doom, with no will of his own? Or are they the words of a man
who realizes not only the graveness of his actions, but, also the reasons behind them?
The answer is clear, Macbeth is a totally cognizant principal and not a mindless puppet.
Later the head witch, Hecate, declares,Hath been but for a wayward son,/Spiteful and
wrathful, who, as others do,/Loves for his own ends, not for you. (III.v.11-13), which
again highlights Macbeth's ambitious nature. The most significant part of the play is the
part that is missing, and that is a connection between Macbeth's ambition and some spell
cast by the weird sisters which might be said to magically cause an increase in his
desires.
While purposely played in a mysterious setting, the location is not meant to cloud the
true theme of the play with the supernatural. Macbeth simply succumbs to natural urges
which take him to a fate of his own making. Everyone has character flaws that he must
live with; Macbeth simply allowed those flaws to destroy him.
3
Bibliography
Bradley, A.C. The Witch Scenes in Macbeth. England in Literature. Ed. John Pfordesher,
Gladys V. Veidemanis, and Helen McDonnell. Illinois: Scott, Foresman, 1989. 232-233
Shekespeare, William. Macbeth. England in Literature. Ed. John Pfordesher, Gladys V.
Veidemanis, and Helen McDonnell. Illinois: Scott, Foresman, 1989. 191-262