FREE ESSAY ON BLOCK SCHEDULLING

BLOCK SCHEDULLING

Six classes a day, five days week, every day the same schedule. 
Telephones and radios were still luxuries when high schools nationwide petrified the
school day into this rigid pattern. The refrigerator and television hadn't been invented,
much less the copy machine, computer, and video player. 
We live in a very different world now, and we know more about how students learn. Yet
most contemporary high school and middle school students are still locked into the same
schedule that their great-grandparents experienced when they were teenagers. 
The big question here is what is wrong with the traditional six or seven period day? For
starters, say critics, the pace is tough. A typical student will be in nine locations
working on nine different activities in a six-and-a-half-hour school day. An average
teacher must teach five classes, dealing with 125-180 students with several preparations.
This frantic, fragmented schedule is unlike any experienced either before or after high
school. 
It produces a hectic, impersonal, inefficient instructional environment, states Joseph
Carroll (1994), limits the amount of time to go in-depth on a subject, and tends to
discourage using a variety of learning activities. Opportunities for individualization of
instruction and meaningful interaction between students and teachers are hard to come by.

No matter how complex or simple the school subject, the schedule assigns an impartial
national average of fifty-one minutes per class period, say Robert Canady and Michael
Rettig (1995). And despite wide variation in the time it takes individual students to
succeed at learning any given task, the allocated time is identical for all. 
The 1994 report of the National Education Commission on Time and Learning states, Schools
will have a design flaw as long as their organization is based on the assumption that all
students can learn on the same schedule. 
In addition, since most disciplinary problems occur during scheduled transitions, the
more transitions, the more problems. In our district, the principal states this as the
number one discipline problem in school - during passing times. And a great deal of time
is lost in simply starting and ending so many classes in a day. 
Traditional, inflexible scheduling is based on administrative and institutional needs,
say Gary Watts and Shari Castle (1993). Flexible scheduling patterns are a much better
match in order to meet the educational needs of students and the professional needs of
teachers. 
The next question that begs to be answered is, "What exactly is block scheduling?" Gordon
Cawelti (1994) defines it as follows: At least part of the daily schedule is organized
into larger blocks of time (more than sixty minutes) to allow flexibility for a diversity
of instructional activities. 
The variations are endless, and may involve reconfiguring the lengths of periods and
semesters as well as the daily schedule. Some of the possibilities detailed by Canady and
Rettig include: 
*Four ninety-minute blocks per day; school year divided into two semesters; former
year-long courses completed in one semester. 
*Alternate day block schedule: six or eight courses spread out over two days; teachers
meet with half of their students each day. 
*Two large blocks and three standard-sized blocks per day; year divided into sixty-day
trimesters with a different subject taught in the large blocks each trimester. 
*Some classes (such as band, typing, foreign language) taught daily, others in longer
blocks on alternate days. 
*Six courses, each meeting in three single periods, and one double period per week. 
*Seven courses. Teachers meet with students three days out of four--twice in single
periods, once in a double period. 
And there are many more. Any of these can be modified, of course, to meet the specific
needs of a school. 
Scheduling changes are usually linked to increasing retention, reducing "lecturing" by
instructors and gaining the opportunity for more creative teaching strategies. They are
often part of a major restructuring effort. 
As with anything, there are advantages as well as disadvantages. What are the advantages
of block scheduling? First, larger blocks of time allow for a more flexible and
productive classroom environment, along with more opportunities for using varied and
interactive teaching methods. Other benefits listed by Jeffrey Sturgis (1995) include:
more effective use of school time, decreased class size, increased number of course
offerings, reduced numbers of students with whom teachers have daily contact, and the
ability of teachers to use more process-oriented strategies. 
In evaluations of schools using block scheduling, Carroll found more course credits
completed, equal or better mastery and retention of material, and an impressive reduction
in suspension and dropout rates. He posits improved relationships between students and
teachers as a major factor. Every school in Carroll's study benefited from the changes,
though not all in the same ways or to the same degree. 
Positive outcomes multiply when four year-long courses are taught in longer time blocks,
each compressed into one semester, say Canady and Rettig. This pattern allows students to
enroll in a greater number and variety of elective courses and offers more opportunities
for acceleration. Students who fail a course have an earlier opportunity to retake it,
enabling them to regain the graduation pace of their peers. Teachers have fewer students
to keep records and grades for each semester, and schools require fewer textbooks. What's
more, overall satisfaction in the learning process is greater for both students and
teachers. Block scheduling does not necessarily make a successful school just through
implementation. Dedication by students, faculty and staff is also necessary. 
As with anything, there are also disadvantages. All change is painful, say Gerald Strock
and David Hottenstein (1994), and often controversial. The process of making the
transition is probably the biggest challenge: building support for altering such a
time-honored tradition, and finding/creating the planning time needed to make the change.
Imposing a scheduling model on a school will not ensure success, states the Northwest
Regional Educational Laboratory (1990). The lab recommends a minimum of two year's
planning time before implementation, to make sure the new schedule meets the needs of all
concerned. First and foremost, adequate staff development time is essential, say Canady
and Rettig. Teachers who have taught in thirty-five to fifty-minute time blocks for years
need help in gaining the necessary strategies and skills to teach successfully in large
blocks of time. 
They observe that teachers who are most successful in block scheduling typically plan
lessons in three parts: explanation, application, and synthesis. Most teachers have much
less experience with the latter two phases than with the first. Teachers may also need
training in cooperative learning, class building, and team formation. Our district offers
opportunities for professional development through a reimbursement program, opening even
more opportunities for teachers to gain strategies to use within this structure.
What do the experts have to say on this subject? Well, before instituting major schedule
changes, it's important to have a common vision, a good plan, and strong support of all
stakeholders, says Carroll. Ideally, the superintendent, school board, principals,
teachers, students, and parents should all be provided with opportunities to learn about
the proposed innovations, and have plenty of chances to discuss the ramifications. 
Canady and Rettig suggest the following: 
*A general presentation regarding the pros and cons of various models of block scheduling

*Visits by teachers, students, parents, and school board members to schools having block
schedules 
*Panel presentations by teachers from schools operating block schedules 
*Faculty discussion meetings, leading to a vote or consensus 
*Parent and community meetings 
*Assemblies for students conducted by students from other schools or by their peers who
have visited other schools 
*Distribution of relevant research data and implementation procedures 
*School board presentations and approval 
*Staff development focused on the appropriate design of curriculum and use of extended
blocks of time for instruction 
Attempting smaller changes minimizes the risks, they note, but creates less striking
results and is also less likely to generate enthusiasm and commitment. To be successful,
the change must address a need, fit the teachers' situation, be focused, and include
concrete strategies. 
RESOURCES
Canady, Robert Lynn, and Michael D. Rettig. Block Scheduling: A Catalyst for Change in
High Schools. Princeton, New Jersey: Eye on Education, 1995. 266 pages. 
Carroll, Joseph. M. Organizing Time to Support Learning. The School Administrator 51, 3
(March 1994): 26-28, 30-33. EJ 481 309. 
Cawelti, Gordon. High School Restructuring: A National Study. Arlington, Virginia:
Educational Research Service, 1994. 75 pages. ED 366 070. 
National Education Commission on Time and Learning. Prisoners of Time: Research. What We
Know and What We Need To Know. Report of the National Education Commission on Time and
Learning. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. September 1994. 60 pages. ED
378 685. 
Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, Rural Education Program. Literature Search on
the Question: What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Scheduling Options for
Small Secondary Schools (High Schools and Middle Schools)? Portland, Oregon: Author.
January 1990. 24 pages. ED 329 385. 
Sturgis, Jeffrey D. Flexibility Enhances Student Achievement. NASSP AP Special: The
Newsletter for Assistant Principals 10, 4 (Summer 1995): 1-2.