FREE ESSAY ON DISK DEFRAGMENTATION

DISK DEFRAGMENTATION

Fast, reliable disk performance is mandatory in today's complex information technology
world, because system response and virtual memory performance depend on fast disk I/O.
unfortunately, common disk fragmentation leads to significant performance degradation.
According to one vendor, 58 percent of any I/O operation is disk seek time. So reducing
seek time by defragmenting files can play an important part in increasing application
performance. How such an intelligent file placement program works and what does it really
speed up windowsNT machines?
Computer's performance
Computer machines play a major and fundamental role in today's world. Almost all
applications and studies require a big chunk of work, if not all, to be done on these
machines. Thus improving their operation and performance will result in a better
throughput and an important improvement of the work. In fact, when they want to improve
the operation of a computer running the windowsNT operating system, most people think of
adding RAM (increasing memory) or upgrading to a more powerful processor. Recent research
studies prove there is a simpler solution : every so often, do a disk defragmentation.
This feature, available on windowsNT systems, can more than triple system responsiveness,
according to a study by the independent software testing laboratory NSTL Inc.,
Conshohoken Pa. Almost all operating systems suffer the consequences of files'
organization on disks, however very few support such a defragmentation software, mainly
because their markets are smaller than windows' and less appealing to software
developpers. Actually, just by running such a software, both individuals and corporations
can enjoy faster system performance. How can this be interpreted?
Disk defragmentation at a glance
Files or data existing on a computer are stored on non volatile storage devices called
magnetic disks; they are usually fragmented into pieces or fragments scattered all over
the disk. This fragmentation naturally occurs as a user creates, appends, deletes, or
truncates files during normal system use. When the first file is saved to a disk, it is
laid down on a track in contiguous clusters. In other words, the read/write head can move
directly from one cluster to the next in one continuous, smooth operation. The head stays
in one place over a single track and reads or writes the file as the disk moves beneath
it. As more files are added, they too are written in contiguous clusters. As files are
erased, they leave empty clusters that new files can be written to. Unfortunately, some
of these clusters are not big enough to hold the new files. As a result, one fragment of
the file is written to one cluster, and the rest of the file is divided - or fragmented -
among whatever empty clusters exist on the disk. A disk that has undergone long or
intense use shows little pattern or logic in the location of files. File fragments can be
any distance from each other and from the read-write head. 
Fragmentation causes the drive to write and read information more slowly because the
read/write head must spend time moving from track to track and waiting for the file
fragments or empty clusters in those tracks to pass under it as the disk spins. When the
level of disk fragmentation increases, overall system performance begins to decline. With
defragmentation, the disk drive's read/write head has less distance to travel and the
left-over space being all in one place, will accept a larger chunk of file data. This
type of disk activity actually goes on smoothly and contiguously, and is transparent to
the user. 
Fragmentation does not endanger user data; a heavily fragmented system will continue to
do its work. But when files become dispersed in pieces over the disk, excessive read and
write activity slows what is already the slowest component in the system. A typical
fragmented disk is illustrated in the figure below.
The way to maintain fast I/O performance is to minimize the amount of fragmentation on
the disk. The disk defragmenter solves the problem by periodically moving all of a file's
fragments into one contiguous file. 
A file of 10 records (shown in yellow at the top) can either be stored in contiguous
locations, with all records immediately adjacent to each other, or scattered in different
disk locations. Free space fragmentation occurs when files (like the three shown in
orange at the bottom) are not arranged contiguosly but are dispersed into three separate
locations. 
How defragmentation works
Defragmentation, sometimes called disk optimization, is a software-controlled operation
that consolidates the scattered parts of files so that they are once again contiguous.
Defragmenting begins with the software temporarily moving contiguous clusters of data to
other, unused areas of the drive, which opens up areas of free contiguous space available
for recording files. The drive then moves fragmented parts of a single file to the newly
opened space, laying down the parts so that they are contiguous. After that, the
defragmentation software juggles files and parts of files until as many files as possible
are contiguous.
This window is opened when the disk defragmenter starts scanning the disk. Details about
moving the blocks can be seen by clicking on Show Details. The following box appears. 
Measuring fragmentation's impact
The fragmenetd file is the ususal thing these days. Studies and statistics were done in
order to ensure a better performance resulting from defragmentation. International data
numbers suggest that, worldwide, corporations are losing as much as US $50 billion per
year in worker productivity and extra equipment costs by not tiding up the files on every
server and workstation on their networks at regular intervals. Of that sum, they estimate
that $6 billion is due to unnecessary hardware upgrades needed to mask the performance
loss due to piecemal file storage. According to Steve Widen, director of International
Data's storage software research, "By using a defragmentation utility, it is possible to
acieve performance gains that meet or exceed many hardware upgrades. From a cost
standpoint alone, this is an attractive proposition".
Bibliography
IEEE spectrum magazine (Sep 2000)