FREE ESSAY ON EGYPT'S ECONOMIC PROGRESS

EGYPT'S ECONOMIC PROGRESS

Thesis Statement: 
A Detailed analysis of Egypt's economic progress over the last decade whilst analyzing
the effect of privatization on the Egyptian economy
Introduction:
Egypt is the third-largest economy in the Middle East and North Africa region (after
Saudi Arabia and Israel), as well as one of the strongest, with significant potential for
future economic growth and diversification. With a real commitment to economic reform,
which encompasses a large privatization program and the encouragement of private
investment and growth in the private sector, the attractions for both foreign direct
investors and portfolio investors continue to increase. In my analysis I will first
analyze the Egyptian economy in order to present a solid overview and background on which
I will then base my own analysis on the effect of privatization on the Egyptian economy.
Economic Overview:
The Egyptian economy is the third largest in the MENA region (after Saudi Arabia and
Israel) and is set to grow sharply as the effects of economic reform continue to kick in.
Economic growth in the year to the end of June 1999 reached 5.7%, and should improve in
the current year to reach 6%. 
While budget deficit is set to fall to 1.1% of GDP, the fiscal situation remains very
good. The budget deficit is expected to have been around 1.3% of GDP for the year to the
end of June 1999. We forecast a slight fall to 1.1% for the current year. This is one of
the key legacies of the IMF structural adjustment program that was introduced in the late
1980s and underpins government efforts to control spending. 
Inflation is expected to remain below 3.5% The fall in inflation is one of the key
economic success stories, with inflation well under control, currently running at a
year-on-year rate of 2.9%. Although there may be slight price pressures going forward, we
expect inflation to remain below 3.5% over the next few years. 
The overall macro-economic environment remains strong, although several significant
structural weaknesses continue to cloud the horizon, with the very low level of non-oil
exports the major concern. The decision to cut taxes on exported production is a positive
step to increase investment for exports, but the big trade deficit has to become a clear
target of government policies. 
The private sector is now growing very quickly, as highlighted by the earnings growth
expected by listed companies: we forecast earnings growth of nearly 28% this year, nearly
17% in 2000 and 16.4% in 2001. As economic reform has altered consumer attitudes over the
last few years, all areas of the economy have seen the development of private sector
companies and have begun to reap the rewards through increased consumer spending. 
The restructuring at the central bank under the control of the Ministry of Economy should
bring about a number of welcome changes. At present, the management of foreign exchange
reserves is under review, with all areas of the bank's operations being scrutinized. One
of the key issues to be addressed is the perception of the value of the Egyptian pound.
We have already seen a de facto devaluation of the Egyptian pound this year of around
3-3.5% if currency is traded in the private sector-and the public sector banks may follow
these rates in due course. 
There is no need for a significant devaluation given the negative effects which would
accrue-inflation and an increasing trade deficit-since Egypt is not yet in a position to
export enough goods to benefit from a devaluation. We expect far greater clarity of
operations at the central bank, particularly with regard to the exchange rate mechanism
and increased flexibility in the handling of currency demands.
Trade:
Large trade deficit is a concern
Exports analysis, 1998A. 
Egypt's large trade deficit is an area of concern, particularly the fact that non-oil
exports are so low. It is no great surprise that Egypt continues to maintain a large
trade deficit since there is yet a large industrial base which is able to produce goods
for either the domestic or export market, or goods which are cost-competitive with
imports. Non-oil exports remain low and are centered around raw cotton and cotton yarn, 
textiles, agricultural goods, chemicals and engineered goods.
Imports analysis, 1998A. 
Toshka project should boost domestic food production 
Food is responsible for the second-largest import bill and reflects Egypt's
under-developed agricultural sector, which has not kept pace with the growth of the
population. With the Toshka project's development of around 2m acres of land over 5-7
years, food production should increase significantly in the first few years after the
infrastructure is completed. Chemical and petroleum product imports also reflect Egypt's
state of economic development, and its lack of an indigenous chemical and downstream
petrochemical industry. 
New oil and gas finds should boost future exports 
On a positive note, there have been a number of oil and gas finds over the past few years
off the Mediterranean coast, which should boost exports, and there are plans to build a
refinery to add value to domestic production. The rise in the oil price this year should
improve the current year's current account. Added to this, the fast rise in tourism
numbers and receipts, compounding the consistent remittance flows from Egyptian
expatriates over the past year offers the prospect of an improved current account going
forward.
Inflation
Inflation, expected to remain under control 
While inflation is currently under control.-and looks set to remain so- Egypt had a poor
record on inflation until a few years ago, as the chart below shows. The success in
bringing inflation down is due to the stabilization policies introduced by the IMF 1990
as part of its structural adjustment program. Under a tight monetary policy, inflation
fell from over 25% in 1986/87 to present levels of around 3%. We expect inflation to
remain under control, although there may be some price pressures as the economy gathers
momentum.
Budget Deficit
Large fiscal deficits seem to be thing of the past 
With the budget deficit remaining at low levels as a percentage of GDP, Egypt has been
very successful in keeping its fiscal accounts in order. Until the implementation of the
structural adjustment program, Egypt had run with very large fiscal deficits due to the
high level of subsidies, sovereign indebtedness and poor tax collection. By contrast, the
new Egypt is all about fiscal responsibility. 
On the expenditure side, the government will be hard pressed to keep the tightest of lids
on spending since the country has suffered from several decades of poor investment-one of
the reasons for the low budget deficit statistics. There is a general requirement in a
number of services, such as in health and education, where the government will have to
increase spending. The government must also improve the infrastructure. A successful
privatization program should help to fund this and, in the future, boost tax revenues. 
The Egyptian Pound
Growth has trended upwards since mid-1990s 
Economic growth has trended upwards since the mid-1990s, of the real reform program, and
there are signs that a virtuous circle is developing which is helping to transform
Egypt's economic infrastructure. However, this process is still in its early stages and
the first signs of strain earlier this year-the increased demands for capital into and
out of the country-were handled poorly. 
The issues surrounding the Egyptian pound are serious and remain a major factor in
blocking possible investments by foreign institutions in particular. 
The recent background 
As the economy has developed rapidly over the past two years, there have been greater
demands for capital equipment to be imported. Compounded by lower oil prices and lower
tourism receipts, the level of foreign exchange reserves began to fall towards the end of
1998. The decline worsened throughout 1999, which has caused some concerns about the
central bank's management. 
The central bank had previously used the high foreign exchange levels as an indicator of
its prudent policies with the high reserves being used to show of the policies rather
than being used as an asset. 
General capital flows into and out of Egypt have increased significantly over the past 18
months, while state revenues from oil and tourism declined. The central bank mishandled
the issue by placing restrictions on foreign currency coming into the market, which has
resulted in shaken confidence in the Egyptian pound. 
Although the central bank has released large flows of foreign currency in the last few
months in an attempt to meet market demand, the market is still feeling the effects of
the central bank's handling of the reserves issue. There have been some requests in the
market for the Egyptian pound to be allowed to have a limited devaluation or to float
slightly to find a more realistic level. 
However, a marked recovery in oil prices and tourist numbers has resulted in many
believing that the crisis is a short-term one only. But with a number of local and
foreign commentators criticizing government policy on the currency issue, the market is
waiting for news on action at the central bank. 
The Ministry of Economy has set to work on restructuring the central bank 
The Ministry of Economy has been authorized by the Prime Minister to restructure the
central bank and is already focusing on the management of foreign exchange reserves. We
expect specific policy goals to be announced shortly. 
We believe that new, additional staff might to be appointed at the central bank to deepen
its management and that a positive mission statement from the Ministry of Economy on the
currency should put the debate to rest. We expect to see statements on the transparency
of the exchange rate mechanism and on the operations of the central bank in the short
term. 
Economic drivers 
The opening of the banking sector has been significant 
The drivers of the economy have altered somewhat over the last decade, as the economy has
increasingly become free from limitations imposed by nationalization. 
With the opening up of the banking sector in the early l990s, the banking, finance and
investment sector has increasingly become one of the key drivers of change. The sector
has become more competitive, with the banking industry in particular developing a number
of new instruments to broaden the market and stimulate increased savings. 
The sector has also expanded rapidly, with a number of foreign banks buying stakes in
domestic banks as part of the privatization program. The four major state banks are
expected to undergo significant restructuring over the next few years in preparation for
privatization some time in the next decade. 
General industry has also been undergoing major investment over the latter half of the
l990s in particular, as the growth in the economy has improved confidence in the market
and encouraged investment. This can be seen in the variety of privatization, ranging from
the cement sector to the beverage and general manufacturing sectors. There is still an
enormous way to go, with the textile sector in particular hardly started on the process
of reform. Nevertheless, profit growth at the major industrial stocks has trended upwards
for several years and looks set to improve further as more companies are established to
satisfy local demands for goods and services. 
EU/Mediterranean agreements are encouraging greater efficiency 
An added impetus for increasing efficiencies in industry is the EU/Mediterranean
agreements to take forward a free trade zone over the next 10-12 years: domestic
companies are being forced to increase efficiency in order to compete effectively. The
increasing arrival of global businesses in Egypt through direct investment is also adding
to growth and encouraging domestic companies to gear up both investment and overall
strategy to fight increased competition. 
Petroleum products sector is becoming more important 
The petroleum and petroleum products sector has also seen sound growth over the last few
years, although the fall in the oil price has held back the sector's contribution to GDP.
There has been significant investment from international companies searching for oil and
gas on the north coast and off the Sinai over the past two years, resulting in an
increasing number of finds. This should work its way through to growth over the next
decade.
Privatization
Major privatization program scheduled for 2000 
The privatization of the state's assets, most of which were nationalized in the 1950s and
1960s, is one of the government's central economic policies. A thorough programme of
privatization is planned across several industrial and service sectors. However, the
privatization process has been slower than originally expected. The high pricing of
issues was a key problem until 1998, when the then Minister of Privatization, Atef Ebeid
(now the Prime Minister) reduced the prices of privatization to meet market demand,
showing an admirable flexibility. 
This year the government has begun to realize the seriousness of delaying the programme
and has begun to clear the decks in preparation for the larger privatization-Telecom
Egypt and the electricity utilities-in 2000. The government has also made it clear that
there will be a full privatization of all state holdings in the cement and gas
distribution sectors. 
Privatization ministry has been pragmatic in lowering price 
Several ministers have made over-optimistic speeches and comments about the privatization
plans over the past year. As the process has been not altogether transparent (the case of
Arab African Bank), there has been some skepticism over whether the program is on track.
We believe that it is. The privatization ministry has been pragmatic enough to cut the
prices of the companies being privatized as the domestic stock market has fallen. While
the domestic market might not have been ready for large-scale privatization in the past,
we believe it is now well prepared. 
The four main state banks are not being privatized in the short term 
The state would be left with its four main banks-National Bank of Egypt, Banque Misr,
Bank of Alexandria and Banque du Caire. The President recently stated that these banks
would not be privatized in the short term, but is clear that they will undergo
significant restructuring before privatization in the next decade.
All four banks are far less efficient than the private sector banks, and it is likely to
take a number of years to turn the banks around. Nevertheless, the market share of these
four banks should result in them being well received by investors domestically and
overseas.
Economic Structure
The Egyptian economy is relatively well diversified, although the importance of sectors
such as agriculture signal that Egypt is still a developing economy. The key features of
the Egyptian economy are: 
a) Growing trade, finance and insurance sector; 
b) Large agricultural sector; 
c) Government and social services are an important element; and
d) Growth of services, construction and industry set to remain strong. 
Agriculture 
Agricultural sector is responsible for 18% of GDP 
The agricultural sector remains relatively large at 18% of GDP. This is a reflection of
the damage done by nearly forty years of nationalization, which diminished Egyptian
industry so that it is currently responsible for only 19% of GDP, just one percentage
point more than agriculture. Agriculture is a cornerstone of life outside the Cairo and
Alexandria conurbation and it is an area of production where there has been little
investment as yet to improve productivity. Fields are still flooded to provide
irrigation, wasting water, and the staple crop of upper Egypt is still sugar cane, rather
than other more productive crops such as sugar beet or wheat. 
Domestic food production should be boosted by Toshka Canal project 
As one of the world's biggest importers of wheat, and with food the second largest part
of the import bill, an increase in local food production and the increased efficiency of
that production must become a core part of government policy. A key development is the
Toshka Canal project to the south west of Cairo, which is being constructed to take water
from Lake Nasser (behind the Aswan Dam) to irrigate a large area of desert (around 2m
acres over 5 - 7 years) for agricultural production in particular, although some
industries will also be encouraged to set up there. 
With 95% of the population living on just 5% of the land, much of Egypt is severely
underdeveloped, and it is hoped that this project will change that. While the
construction sector should benefit significantly from the Toshka project, the issue for
some critics is that the project depends on water from Lake Nasser-water which flows
through many other states and which in the future may not be so free flowing. 
Trade, finance and insurance 
Trade, finance and insurance sector is set to account for 25% of GDP by middle of next
decade 
Over the last few years, the trade, finance and insurance sector has grown steadily (an
increase of around 1% of total GDP each year). We expect this sector to continue to grow
steadily, as the financial services sector picks up activity and deepens operations over
the next few years. By the middle of the next decade, trade, finance and insurance should
account for around one quarter of total GDP. It would be useful, however, to have a
specific breakdown between trade and financial services, to improve the understanding of
the dynamics of Egypt's growth. 
Petroleum products 
The contribution from the petroleum sector is expected to recover this year Petroleum
products has seen contribution to overall GDP fall from 9% in 1996/97 to 6% in 1997/98.
We expect slight increase for the year to the end of June 1999, helped by the recovery in
the oil price and the increase in expenditure in the sector witnessed over the year. For
the current year, we expect the percentage attributable to petroleum and products to rise
back to 8-9%, on the back of increased oil prices. 
Transport and communications 
Transport sector has grown rapidly 
Transport and communications has grown relatively sharply over the past few years, up
from 7% in 1996/97 to 9% in 1997/98. This has been due, in great part, to the growth in
both industries, with greater overall wealth in the economy stimulating investment and
spending, with a greater number of internal travelers, for example, boosting growth. 
Construction 
Construction looks to have slowed down but should recover with the large infrastructure
projects 
Although statistics have been released on the construction industry over the past 18
months, there is no comparative historic data to help understand trends. For the year to
the end of June 1998, construction accounted for 5% of GDP. Over the past year,
construction.-at least in terms of housing- looks to have slowed down slightly, as the
market for private housing appears to have over-heated in the short term. 
However, we expect the sector to remain strong due to the number of large construction
projects across the country. These projects include major investments in the leisure
industry, along the coast in particular, as well as the projects to distribute water, the
Toshka scheme in particular, which will also involve major investment in infrastructure
to develop agriculture, housing and commerce across a large area to the south west of the
Nile delta. 
Government services and social/other services 
Government services remain too important 
Government services have accounted for 8% of GDP for the last two reported years, which
we believe, is too high to be sustained in the long term. Added to this, social/other
service accounted for 8% of GDP in the year to the end of June 1998. The importance of
the government's contribution to GDP is another legacy of Egypt's four decades of
nationalization from the 1950s. 
The result is a large, cumbersome and inefficient bureaucracy. It is unlikely that the
new cabinet-while it is set to reform the management of government-will cut employment
within the layers of government in a heavy-handed way. Natural wastage will be the main
policy. Stability is all-important and a major program of restructuring is unlikely to
occur. The contribution to GDP from government and social/other services is therefore
unlikely to alter significantly in the short term, although the government will look to
squeeze spending in the medium term. 
Industry and mining 
Industry and mining is a key sector to watch for growth 
Industry and mining is one of the key sectors to watch over the next few years. In the
year to the end of June 1998, the sector accounted for 19% of total GDP, versus 18% in
1996/97. We believe that the growth in this sector will be a key indicator of Egypt's
economic progress, as we must look to the development of industry to determine whether
the industrial base is growing strongly enough and whether investment into the sector is
stimulating economic growth, new employment and-just as importantly- export growth. 
The government recently announced that companies will not have to pay taxes on goods
destined for export, a change of policy designed to stimulate investment into industrial
production. It will be several years before this change has an impact on the statistics,
but it should underpin general investment and should be positive for the economy. The
mining sector remains very under-developed, partly because so much of Egypt is desert.
Although there have been indications that there are gold deposits in the western desert,
as yet there are no clear indications of the breadth of possible natural resources.
Interest Rates
Real interests rates around 9%
The rise in interest rates this year has provided evidence of the central bank trying to
maintain the strength of the pound. The central bank discount rate is now 12%-giving a
real rate of 9%-far too high a rate for an economy growing at 5.5-6.0% and for a
developing economy which requires domestic investment to expand industry. We expect rates
to fall, possibly as early as November, if positive action is announced regarding the
currency and the central bank.
Summary
Egypt is the third-largest economy in the Middle East and North Africa region, as well as
one of the strongest, with significant potential for future economic growth and
diversification. With a real commitment to economic reform, which encompasses a large
privatization programme and the encouragement of private investment and growth in the
private sector, the attractions for both foreign direct investors and portfolio investors
continue to increase. 
The government and its institutions manage the economy in a highly conservative manner: a
legacy of an IMF structural adjustment program in 1990, this fiscal discipline has kept
the budget deficit firmly under control. 
Economic growth to the end of June 1999 is expected to have been 6.0%. For the year to
the end of June 2000, we forecast growth of 6.5% and 7.0% for the year to June 2001. 
Reducing inflation has been a key achievement 
The fight against inflation has been one of the success stories of the last decade.
Inflation has fallen from around 20% in 1991 to 2.9% at the end of August this year. The
continuing low levels of inflation, despite the rise in economic activity, have been a
pleasant surprise to the market, being lower than forecast. 
Although foreign exchange reserves have fallen, they are still at comfortable levels.
Foreign exchange reserves have fallen from around US$20bn earlier in the year to
US$17.6bn at the end of July 1999 (equivalent to 11.8 months cover of imports). 
The overall level of reserves indicates the large inflows of capital from tourism,
remittances from Egyptian expatriates and the income from the oil sector. Oil export
revenues in Q4 1999, for example, rose to US$321m from US$196m in Q3 1999. However, the
fall in reserves this year as currency has been released to supply the demands of the
market (having been held back initially by the central bank) has highlighted the central
bank's lack of flexibility in coping with market demands. 
As a result, the informal peg against the US dollar-against which the Egyptian pound has
been technically over-valued over the decade-has been called into question. The issue of
the value of the pound and a steadfast exchange rate mechanism is one of the key issues
for the government to resolve in the short term. The Ministry of Economy has undertaken
the restructuring of the central bank and we expect several announcements and mission
statements on these key issues shortly. 
The current account deficit and the country's poor non-oil export record may be viewed as
not as good as desired. At Egypt's stage of economic development, however, a current
account deficit equivalent to 2% of GDP should not be a surprise. There is a great need
to modernize industry and commerce, especially in the public sector: in order for this to
happen, foreign-supplied equipment is key and imports are therefore likely to be high.
Inflows from foreign direct investment and other capital inflows, however, mean that the
current account deficit is sustainable at current levels. 
The rise in oil prices and the sharp increase in tourism arrivals and revenues should
help to keep the current account in check. The low level of non-oil exports continues to
be a concern and it is an area upon which we expect the government to focus, although a
real improvement in exports is likely to take several years.