FREE ESSAY ON URBAN INDUSTRIAL WORKERS

URBAN INDUSTRIAL WORKERS

As urban industrial workers expanded in the 19th century, industry and the industrial work
force boomed as well. Workers , however, were met with difficult situations that
ultimately led to violent outbursts. Low wages could not buy food and clothes at the same
time and conditions in the work place brought about countless deaths and injuries.
Growing number of immigrants caused the reduction of wages and insecurity of the workers
caused unemployment. There were hostilities between workers, employers, and organizations
and complaints of no social safety nets. Due to these chaotic dilemmas, union members
decided to emerge as one, in order to overcome the corporations. Methods of scientific
management were incorporated and the two ideological groups (radicals and conservatives)
were firmly rooted in the belief of mutualism. However, conflicts between anarchists and
capitalists ignited strikes, generating the Haymarket Square Riot along with the
Homestead and Pullman strikes. It was then clear that they could not eliminate corporate
control. Even with unity, the workers resulted in a fruitless effort. 
Urban industrial workers were bombarded with many problems, a major one being long
working hours. They not only had to endure endless hours of labor and turmoil, but
received scarcely any pay at all. To make things worse, they were struggling to exist in
the late 19th century where industrialization was flustering and depressions were part of
the norm. An average American worker earned a measly $500 per year and a woman only half
as much as the men. People were not making enough money to purchase the necessities of
life and thus, lived a hard, struggling life. A woman stated she didna??t live , but
merely existed.. she didna??t live that you could call living. 
However, even at low wages, an incredible number of hours were being worked. Skilled
workers worked an average of 50.4 hours a week and the unskilled at 53.7 hours a week.
Where machines replaced workers, the cost of the equipment had to be covered by intensive
labor. Steelworkers, for example, worked on average 63.1 hours per week; some laborers
were even required to work 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, with even a 24 hour shift and
only one day off every two weeks. 
Long laborious efforts began to produce in the US one of the most highest industrial
accident rates in the Western industrial world. Between 1880 and 1900, 35,000 workers
were killed annually and another 536,000 were injured. There were more deaths in the
working field of railroads and coal mines. There were at least 2000 fatal injuries and
one of every 399 railroad men were killed. In addition, unsafe working conditions played
a major role in the suffering of the industrial workers. Conditions in the factories were
very poor. In California, 2,000 men, women, and children would share 8 untended outdoor
toilets, eat and sleep among insects, and labored temperatures over 100 degrees, often
without water available. To top it off, there was a swarm of immigrants that caused
factories to be overcrowded. As immigrants increased, working force increased, leaving
employers to control the wages. 
If it wasna??t low wages or long hours, it was job insecurities. Only a few workers could
count on full-time employment. Depressions and recessions led to cyclical employment,
style and weather caused seasonal employment, and machines replacing humans brought
structural employment. There were no social welfare programs or a social safety net to
turn to. A social safety net was a social welfare program funded by the government that
compensated for the injuries, illnesses, and welfares for workers and single mothers. No
safety net meant bad news to the unemployed workers. 
There were 3 level of workers: unskilled workers (who were laborers), machine workers
(who were operatives), and skilled workers ( who were craftsmen). The corporationa??s
ideal workers were ones who used their hands and not their brains. Wanting to control the
output, they tried to get rid of the worker autonomy and the brains and replace them with
operatives. This looked as a threat to the workers who knew what would result of
unlimited output: irregular employment and price cuts.
A plan known as scientific management was devised by a man named Frederick Winston
Taylor. It was made to destroy the craft unions and social formations. Taylor, who was an
efficiency expert, was engaged in scientific time and motion studies. He was out to
reform the factories. He enforced standardization of methods, enforced adoption of the
best tools, and enforced cooperation. These enforcements rested with management and
eliminated all worker ethical codes. As a result, craftsmen were converted into
operatives, eliminating the brainwork of manual labor. Definitions of a good job were all
linked to higher productivity. Scientific management threatened to execute all trade
unions and introduce open shops. 
The workersa?? only solution was unity. Working together by organizing all the unions
into one was the only way. They realized that they needed to make some organization
against the corporation and the only
Bibliography
As urban industrial workers expanded in the 19th century, industry and the industrial
work force boomed as well. Workers , however, were met with difficult situations that
ultimately led to violent outbursts. Low wages could not buy food and clothes at the same
time and conditions in the work place brought about countless deaths and injuries.
Growing number of immigrants caused the reduction of wages and insecurity of the workers
caused unemployment. There were hostilities between workers, employers, and organizations
and complaints of no social safety nets. Due to these chaotic dilemmas, union members
decided to emerge as one, in order to overcome the corporations. Methods of scientific
management were incorporated and the two ideological groups (radicals and conservatives)
were firmly rooted in the belief of mutualism. However, conflicts between anarchists and
capitalists ignited strikes, generating the Haymarket Square Riot along with the
Homestead and Pullman strikes. It was then clear that they could not eliminate corporate
control. Even with unity, the workers resulted in a fruitless effort. 
Urban industrial workers were bombarded with many problems, a major one being long
working hours. They not only had to endure endless hours of labor and turmoil, but
received scarcely any pay at all. To make things worse, they were struggling to exist in
the late 19th century where industrialization was flustering and depressions were part of
the norm. An average American worker earned a measly $500 per year and a woman only half
as much as the men. People were not making enough money to purchase the necessities of
life and thus, lived a hard, struggling life. A woman stated she didna??t live , but
merely existed.. she didna??t live that you could call living. 
However, even at low wages, an incredible number of hours were being worked. Skilled
workers worked an average of 50.4 hours a week and the unskilled at 53.7 hours a week.
Where machines replaced workers, the cost of the equipment had to be covered by intensive
labor. Steelworkers, for example, worked on average 63.1 hours per week; some laborers
were even required to work 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, with even a 24 hour shift and
only one day off every two weeks. 
Long laborious efforts began to produce in the US one of the most highest industrial
accident rates in the Western industrial world. Between 1880 and 1900, 35,000 workers
were killed annually and another 536,000 were injured. There were more deaths in the
working field of railroads and coal mines. There were at least 2000 fatal injuries and
one of every 399 railroad men were killed. In addition, unsafe working conditions played
a major role in the suffering of the industrial workers. Conditions in the factories were
very poor. In California, 2,000 men, women, and children would share 8 untended outdoor
toilets, eat and sleep among insects, and labored temperatures over 100 degrees, often
without water available. To top it off, there was a swarm of immigrants that caused
factories to be overcrowded. As immigrants increased, working force increased, leaving
employers to control the wages. 
If it wasna??t low wages or long hours, it was job insecurities. Only a few workers could
count on full-time employment. Depressions and recessions led to cyclical employment,
style and weather caused seasonal employment, and machines replacing humans brought
structural employment. There were no social welfare programs or a social safety net to
turn to. A social safety net was a social welfare program funded by the government that
compensated for the injuries, illnesses, and welfares for workers and single mothers. No
safety net meant bad news to the unemployed workers. 
There were 3 level of workers: unskilled workers (who were laborers), machine workers
(who were operatives), and skilled workers ( who were craftsmen). The corporationa??s
ideal workers were ones who used their hands and not their brains. Wanting to control the
output, they tried to get rid of the worker autonomy and the brains and replace them with
operatives. This looked as a threat to the workers who knew what would result of
unlimited output: irregular employment and price cuts.
A plan known as scientific management was devised by a man named Frederick Winston
Taylor. It was made to destroy the craft unions and social formations. Taylor, who was an
efficiency expert, was engaged in scientific time and motion studies. He was out to
reform the factories. He enforced standardization of methods, enforced adoption of the
best tools, and enforced cooperation. These enforcements rested with management and
eliminated all worker ethical codes. As a result, craftsmen were converted into
operatives, eliminating the brainwork of manual labor. Definitions of a good job were all
linked to higher productivity. Scientific management threatened to execute all trade
unions and introduce open shops. 
The workersa?? only solution was unity. Working together by organizing all the unions
into one was the only way. They realized that they needed to make some organization
against the corporation and the only